Synonyms
Apothecary’s Rose
Appothekerrose
Common Provins Rose
Double Red Rose
Officinalis
Old Red Damask
Provins Rose
Red Damask
Red Gallica
Red Rose of Lancaster
Rosa gallica duplex
Rosa gallica maxima
Rosa gallica officinalis
Rosa gallica plena
Rosa gallica var. officinalis Ser.
Rosa gallica var. plena Regal synonym
Rose de Provins
Rosier de Provins ordinaire
This rose of many names is thought to be the once ‘red damask’ and it was the one most often used as the apothecary rose.
Its ancient history may perhaps start with such a rose depicted in a Minoan fresco dated at between 1500 and 1600 BC, which is believed to have been the gallica rose.
Its modern chapter takes us to the Crusades. This rose originally came from “the Land of the Saracens” to Provins in France when in 1240 Thibault Le Chansonnier returned from the Sixth Crusade bringing back the “Rose of Damas and a piece of the true cross”.
It is said that in 1279 Edmond of Woodstock, the youngest son of Edward I of the House of Lancaster, was sent to Provins, a town south of Paris, which at that time was a part of the English realm, to quell a riot. It is alleged that he brought back the Apothecary’s Rose to England to become the Red Rose of Lancaster. This became the Lancaster house symbol during the War of The Roses in the fifteenth century between the Houses of Lancaster and York.
Legend has it that the streets of Provins were overcrowded with Apothecaries shops and that most shops had Rosa Gallica Officinalis planted outside as advertising. Officinalis is Latin for “of the shop”, and this rose was famous for its use in many “medicinal” purposes.
When Marie Antoinette stopped at Provins overnight in 1770 on her way to marry the Dauphin (Later Louis XVI), the townspeople prepared for her a bed made entirely of gallica officinalis rose blossoms. Its perfume is still famous today and is one of two roses cultivated at Kazanlik, Bulgaria for the production of attar of roses. (The other is Kazanlik or Rosa Damascena Trigintipetala).
It was among the prized plants brought to America by the Pilgrims, and it naturalized readily in the New World. Its long underground shoots make it almost impossible to eliminate once established.